Method of programming a phase change memory and phase change memory device

ABSTRACT

A method for pre-programming a matrix of phase-change memory cells, including a phase-change material positioned between two conducting electrodes and able to be reversely electrically modified so as to vary the resistivity of the memory cell. A dielectric layer is provided with the memory cell having an original resistive state at the end of the memory cell production process. A pre-programming of the matrix is executed prior to mounting a component containing the matrix on a support. A breakdown voltage is applied to a selection of memory cells so that, for each one of the selected cells, the layer of the dielectric material breaks down to bring the cell from the original resistive state to a second resistive state.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates, in general, to resistive non-volatilememories, and more particularly to resistive memories which may be usedwithin the scope of an industrial process for manufacturing embeddedsystems wherein such memories can advantageously be pre-programmed intheir production environment without the stored data being lostafterwards because of the heat constraints, and more particularlymounting constraints, which they are exposed to during the steps ofwelding or reflow soldering of the components.

STATE OF THE ART

In addition to electronic, optical or mechanical elements belonging toeach system, computer embedded systems always use microprocessors ormicro-controllers and electronic memories required for ensuring theoperation thereof. Typically, all the components which compose anembedded system are mounted on one or more printed circuit(s) orelectronic card(s), which are often also called PCB, i.e. “printedcircuit board(s)”. Mounting is generally automatized, in a productionline. The electronic components are most often in the form of componentsintended to be surface-mounted (without any through-type insert). Thenthey are simply positioned on the printed circuit by a positioningmachine. Welding or brazing paste shall have been deposited beforehandonto the terminals of the components and/or of the printed circuit. Theprinted circuit whereon the components are positioned is then placed ina heating furnace, typically a so-called tunnel furnace, wherein thetemperature gradient is so adjusted as to melt the deposited paste,which provides, when cooled, a mechanical fixing of the components andan excellent electrical contact. This standard manufacturing operationof a printed circuit is called reflow brazing or soldering, in thetechnical literature.

At least a part of the memories composing an embedded system is nearlyalways of the non volatile type. For example, to be able to permanentlystore therein the operational code, also called the microcode, of themicro-processor(s) or micro-controller(s) which is/are used forproviding the function which the embedded system has been designed for.Usual practice consists in the manufacturing process requesting that thenon volatile part of the memories can be programmed prior to mountingonto the printed circuit. A very significant advantage of this procedureis that a specific code intended to test the printed circuit as soon asit is mounted, in order to check the integrity thereof, can for instancebe pre-programmed in the non volatile part. Another exemplary advantagerelated to the possibility of pre-programming the non volatile memoriesrelates to secure chip cards, also called “secure smart cards”. Theissuers of such cards, such as banks, prefer the confidential data theycontain to be introduced prior to mounting, so that they don't have tocheck the distribution of such sensitive information beyond themanufacturing line.

If the operation code or the functional data the non volatile memorymust contain have not been pre-programmed, they must be loaded in situ,i.e. into the non volatile memory after assembling thereof, and afterthe connexion thereof with the other components on the printed circuit.Means have long been developed by the micro-electronics industry toprovide this function after mounting. A usual practice consists in usingthe tests circuits which are contained in nearly all the circuitsdeveloped by this industry, more particularly the so-called JTAG (“JointTest Action Group”) circuits, which refers to a workgroup which enabledto define a strategy and means for testing printed circuits as from themid eighties, in order to check the correct operation of ever morecomplex circuits. As a standard, the JTAG circuits make it possible toindividually access the components mounted on a printed circuit througha specialized series interface which can also enable an in-situprogramming of the non volatile part of the memory. The intrinsicallysmall access time and the limited available bandwidth of this methodresult in the code loading being a very long operation which may slowdown the manufacturing line.

Other means have been provided for the in-situ programming of the nonvolatile part of the memories which have their own disadvantages such asrequiring specialised connection points which will have no functionalutility and/or an interface dedicated to such function in order toenable, on the one hand, the writing of a code into the non volatilepart of the memory, and, on the other hand, the controlling of the othercomponents so that these can be inhibited, so as not to interfere withthe code loading. This, of course, significantly complicates the designof the embedded system and also generally requires the development of aspecialized programming tool for loading the code after mounting in themanufacturing line.

Whenever possible, the whole code, i.e. not only the test code, but alsothe functional code, is preferably loaded prior to mounting. This avoidsan in-situ programming with all the drawbacks briefly mentioned above.

The presently used non volatile memories are mainly so-called Flashmemories, wherein each memory point is a Metal Oxide semiconductor (MOS)having a floating grid wherein carriers are trapped. Programming suchmemories is executed by applying to the electrodes higher voltages thanthose used for reading same. Such voltages make it possible to bringcharges into the floating grid, or to evacuate them therefrom, in orderto permanently modify, when reading, the conduction threshold of thetransistor, so as to be able to store at least two different electriclevels, i.e. an information bit therein. Carriers are trapped andevacuated through the very thin oxide layer forming the grid of the MOStransistor by implementing quantal effects of the tunnelling effect orhot electron types. This type of non volatile storage is notparticularly affected by temperature. Flash memories are not at allaffected by the programming prior to mounting. Their contents is notaffected by the reflow soldering operation described above, wherein themaximum temperature reached is typically about 245° C. for the solderingpastes containing lead. Using unleaded pastes, as required now for theirnot polluting property, increases temperature up to 260° C., evenhigher, which still has no negative effect on the retention of the datapre-programmed in this type of memory. The main disadvantage of theFlash memories is that the programming thereof requires, as mentionedabove, applying significant voltages to transfer charges into or fromthe floating grid. Writing therein is a relatively slow and complicatedoperation which may have to be carried out, depending on the internalstructure thereof, of the so-called AND or OR types, on cell blockswhich have to be erased prior to re-writing new data.

This is the reason why the designers of embedded systems now preferusing other types of non volatile memories which have none of thesedrawbacks. This more particularly concerns so-called “resistive”memories, which are globally called RRAM (“Resistive Random AccessMemory”) memories, wherein storage is obtained by reversiblyelectrically modifying the material composing each cell so that it cantake at least two different resistance values, in order to store aninformation bit therein.

Among the resistive memories, we can mention those using a phase-changematerial the atomic structure of which can reversibly vary under theeffect of heat. Such memories, referred to by the acronym PCM for“phase-change memory”, are preferred for developing new productsprovided with Flash memories since they are intrinsically denser andwriting is simpler and quicker than for Flash memories. The phase-changematerial typically used is a chalcogenide and in particular an alloycomprising one or more of the following elements: germanium (Ge),antimony (Sb), tellurium (Te), indium (In), gallium (Ga). Besides, thisalloy may be doped using one or more of the above elements as well aselements such as carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, hafnium andcomponents thereof. The most common phase-change material is the alloyof germanium, antimony and tellurium as Ge₂Sb₂Te₅, known by the acronymGST.

A phase-change memory is for instance described in document EP2402953.

The PCM memories have been designed to operate at temperatures which mayreach 85° C. for 10 years and thanks to their operation principleshortly disclosed above, they are intrinsically sensitive to thetemperature of the environment they must operate in. As the retentiontime thereof rapidly decreases according to the temperature they areexposed to, the resistive memories of the PCM type cannot be usefullypre-programmed prior to mounting since the stored information is thenlost during the reflow soldering operation, during which temperatureswhich may reach 260° C. may be applied.

Thus the object of the invention is to provide a solution enabling thedevices integrating a matrix of phase-change memory cells not to lose,during mounting, the pre-programming of the matrix.

Other purposes, characteristics and advantages of this invention willbecome apparent upon examination of the following description andappended drawings. It is understood that other advantages can beincluded.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to one embodiment, the invention more particularly relates toa method for pre-programming a matrix of phase-change resistive nonvolatile memory cells, with said memory cells each comprising aphase-change material positioned between two conducting electrodes andable to be reversely electrically modified so as to vary the resistivitythereof, and thus to vary the resistance of the memory cell,

for each memory cell, at least a dielectric layer is provided, which ispositioned between the two conducting electrodes, with the memory cellhaving an original resistive state (original HRS) at the end of thememory cell production process, and prior to any step of programming thecells.A step of pre-programming the matrix is executed prior to a step ofmounting a component containing said matrix onto a support. The step ofpre-programming comprising applying a breakdown voltage to a selectionof memory cells so that, for each one of the selected cells, the layerof the dielectric material breaks down to bring the cell from theoriginal resistive state (original HRS) to a second resistive state(breakdown LRS), so that the cells which were, prior to mounting, insaid original resistive state (original HRS) are, after the step ofmounting, in a third resistive state (mounting HRS) so that the cellswhich were, prior to mounting, in said second resistive state (breakdownLRS) are, after the step of mounting, in a fourth resistive state(mounting LRS), and so that the resistance of the cells in the thirdresistive state (mounting HRS) is at least twice higher than theresistance of the cells in said fourth resistive state (mounting LRS).

Preferably, at least the following step is executed after mounting acomponent containing said matrix on a support: reading the resistivestate of all the cells in the matrix so as to identify the cells whichare, after mounting, in said third resistive state (mounting HRS) andthose which are in said fourth resistive state (mounting LRS). This stepthus consists in reading the resistive state of each cell (mounting HRSor mounting LRS). It is then possible to deduce therefrom the cellswhich were, prior to mounting, in said original resistive state(original HRS) and those which were, prior to mounting, in said secondresistive state (breakdown LRS).

The switching from the original resistive state (original HRS) to thethird resistive state (mounting HRS) is caused by the step of mounting,only. Similarly, the switching from the second resistive state(breakdown LRS) to the fourth resistive state (mounting LRS) is causedby the step of mounting, only.

Preferably and optionally, at least the following steps are executedafter mounting a component containing said matrix onto a support:

storing the resistive states (mounting HRS, mounting LRS) read in anauxiliary memory so as to save the pre-programming of the matrix,

applying a breakdown voltage to at least a plurality of memory cells sothat all the layers of dielectric material of all or part of the memorycells break down, in order to bring all the cells in the matrix to saidfourth resistive state (breakdown LRS),

rewriting, into the matrix, the pre-programming saved in the auxiliarymemory by modifying the phase-change material of selected memory cells.

The resistance of the memory cell is thus modified by altering thedielectric layer, prior to mounting a component containing said matrixonto a support and thus prior to applying a significant thermal stress,for instance, by welding or brazing.

The original resistive state (original HRS) revealed stable even whenexposed to a high temperature. The resistance of the cell in theoriginal HRS state is thus equal or substantially equal to theresistance of the cell in the mounting HRS state, i.e. the resistance ofthe cells which are not broken down is not or is slightly modified bythe increase of heat caused by the step of mounting. Besides, theresistivity of the cell switched to the second resistive state(breakdown LRS) varies slightly enough when the cell is exposed to ahigh temperature for this state to remain easily differentiable from theoriginal resistive state. Thus, even when the matrix of cells is exposedto a high thermal stress when mounted onto a support, typically when itis welded or brazed on a board, it keeps its pre-programming.

Such pre-programming is thus preferably saved in an auxiliary memory.The dielectric layers of all or part of the cells in the matrix thenbreakdown. If all the memory cells need not be used subsequently, it maybe advantageous to leave a part of the cells in the matrix in themounting HRS state (more particularly to save power and time). Thememory cells, the dielectric layer of which is broken down may then goback to a usual operation as conventional phase-change memory cells. Forinstance, the phase of the phase-change material of the same cell can bereversibly modified to write and erase said memory cell.

The matrix is then re-programmed by modifying the phase of thephase-change material of selected cells, on the basis of the programmingsaved in the auxiliary memory. When some data must neither be erased norwritten, it may be advantageous to store such data in cells of thematrix in the mounting HRS state and in the mounting LRS state sinceboth states are highly resistant to temperature.

After mounting, the memory cell may be in two resistive states prior tomounting: a resistive state wherein the layer of dielectric material hasnot broken down prior to mounting and another resistive state whereinthe layer of the dielectric material has broken down prior to mounting.

The invention then provides for a simple and reliable solution to keepthe programming of a matrix of phase-change memory cells after a step ofmounting during which a high thermal stress is applied to the matrix.

Besides, such solution is very easily integrated. It is compatible witha wafer-level type solution, i.e. a solution wherein the pre-programmingis executed at the wafer level and prior to cutting chips in the wafer.

The invention also provides for a very wide utilisation by offering thepossibility of using layers of phase-change material manufactured invarious materials and by simply adding the layer of dielectric materialto the memory cell.

According to another embodiment, the invention more particularly relatesto a method for pre-programming a matrix of resistive non volatilememory cells, comprising a phase-change material positioned between twoconducting electrodes and able to be reversely electrically modified soas to vary the resistivity of the memory cell. It is provided that, foreach memory cell, a layer of dielectric material is positioned betweenthe two conducting electrodes, with the memory cell having an originalresistive state (original HRS) at the end of the memory cell productionprocess, and prior to any step of programming the cells. A step ofpre-programming is executed, which comprises, prior to mounting saidmatrix onto a support: applying a breakdown voltage to a selection ofmemory cells so that, for each one of the selected cells, the layer ofthe dielectric material breaks down to bring the cell from the originalresistive state (original HRS) to a second resistive state (breakdownLRS), wherein the resistance of the cells is at least twice lower andpreferably five times lower, and even more preferably ten times lowerthan the resistance of the cells in the original resistive state(original HRS).

According to another embodiment, the invention relates to a phase-changememory cell comprising a phase-change material and at least oneelectrode, characterized in that it comprises a dielectric layerpositioned between the layer of phase-change material and the electrode,so that the memory cell initially is in an original resistive state(original HRS), with the memory cell being so configured as to enableselectively breaking down the dielectric layer so that the resistance ofthe memory cell is, after breakdown, in a second resistive state(breakdown LRS), the resistance of which is at least twice lower thanthe resistance of the memory cell in the original resistive state(original HRS).

Preferably, the resistance of the cell in the original resistive state(original HRS) is at least five times higher, and more preferably atleast ten times higher than the resistance of the cell in said secondresistive state (breakdown LRS).

According to one embodiment, the dielectric layer is in contact with atleast one among the layer of phase-change material and a heatingelement. The contact surface between the dielectric layer and at leastone among the layer of phase-change material and a heating element issmaller than the surface of the face of the dielectric layer withrespect to at least one among the layer of phase-change material and aheating element.

According to another embodiment, the invention relates to a phase-changememory cell comprising a phase-change material and at least oneelectrode, characterized in that it comprises a dielectric layerpositioned between the layer of phase-change material and the electrode,so that the memory cell initially is in an original resistive state(original HRS), with the memory cell being so configured as to enableselectively breaking down the dielectric layer so that the resistance ofthe memory cell is, after breakdown, in a second resistive state(breakdown LRS), so that the cells which were prior to mounting, in saidoriginal resistive state (original HRS) are, after the step of mounting,in a third resistive state (mounting HRS), so that the cells which were,prior to mounting, in said second resistive state (breakdown LRS) are,after the step of mounting, in a fourth resistive state (mounting LRS),and in that the resistance of the cells in said third resistive state(mounting HRS) is at least twice higher than the resistance of the cellsin said fourth resistive state (mounting LRS).

According to one embodiment, the memory cell is so configured that thecurrent flowing between the two conducting electrodes flows through thedielectric layer, with the dielectric layer being in contact with atleast one among the layer of phase-change material and a heating elementThe contact surface between the dielectric layer and at least one amongthe layer of phase-change material and a heating element is smaller thanthe surface of the face of the dielectric layer with respect to at leastone among the layer of phase-change material and a heating element.

According to one embodiment, the layer of phase-change material has atubular portion. The contact surface between the phase-change materialand the dielectric material is a ring, which makes it possible to reducesuch surface with respect to a solution wherein such surface is a disk.

According to one embodiment, the layer of phase-change material isformed as a cylinder, the diameter of which is smaller than the surfaceof the face of the dielectric material in contact with the cylinder.

According to one embodiment, the layer of phase-change material ispositioned in contact with the layer of phase-change material and aconducting element. According to one embodiment, the conducting elementhas a tubular portion and wherein the contact surface between theconducting element and the dielectric material is a ring.

According to one embodiment, the layer of phase-change material ispositioned in contact with a first conducting element and a secondconducting element and is inserted between the first conducting elementand the second conducting element.

According to an advantageous embodiment, the resistance of the memorycell is so configured as to vary according to the phase of thephase-change material. The memory cell is thus so configured as toreturn to a standard operation of the phase-change memory cell afterbreakdown of the dielectric layer.

According to an advantageous an optional embodiment, the resistance inthe original resistive state is greater than or equal to 1^(e)7 ohms.Such value depends, for instance, on the material used, the thicknessthereof, the contact area, the manufacturing method, the phase(amorphous, crystalline) thereof.

According to an advantageous and optional embodiment, the resistanceafter breakdown of the dielectric layer is less than or equal to 1^(e)6ohms.

The dielectric layer is made of only one layer of material. In analternative solution, it is composed of a stack of several dielectriclayers. The alternative solution comprising several layers has numerousadvantages. For instance, one or some of the dielectric layers may playa mechanical part, for instance, for improving the adherence or thecompliance or the roughness. Such layer may, for instance, be made ofalumina (Al2O3). One or more layer(s) may compose the dielectric to beeffectively broken down. Besides, each layer could play an electricalpart. For instance, a layer could be used as a current limiter duringthe breakdown of another layer, which could enable a better control ofthe breakdown.

In the present invention, micro-electronic device means any type ofdevice produced with micro-electronic means. Such devices moreparticularly concern, in addition to purely electronic purposes devices,micro-mechanical or electro-mechanical devices (MEMS, NEMS . . . ) andoptical or opto-electronic devices (MEOMS . . . ).

The object of the present invention is also a micro-electronic devicecomprising a matrix of pre-programmed memory cells implementing a methodaccording to the invention.

The object of the present invention is also a micro-electronic devicecomprising a matrix of non volatile memory cells according to theinvention.

Another object of the present invention is a micro-electronic devicecomprising a matrix of non volatile memory cells according to thepreceding claim, wherein the matrix is contained in a component mountedon a support, characterized in that some of the cells in the matrix arein the original resistive state (original HRS) or in the third resistivestate (programmed HRS) and in that the other cells are in a resistivestate different from the original resistive state (original HRS) or fromthe third resistive state (programmed HRS).

Preferably, but not restrictively, the micro-electronic device is soconfigured as to save in the auxiliary memory the information stored inthe matrix and to rewrite, after breakdown of the dielectric layers ofall or part of the cells in the matrix, rewrite the memory cellsaccording to the information saved in the auxiliary memory.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The goals and objectives as well as the characteristics and advantagesof the invention will emerge better from the detailed description of anembodiment of this latter, illustrated by the following accompanyingdrawings in which:

FIGS. 1a to 1d illustrate structures of memory cell of the PCM typetypical of the prior art.

FIGS. 2a to 2f illustrate structures of memory cell of the PCM typeaccording to the invention comprising a thin additional dielectriclayer.

FIGS. 3a to 3b illustrate methods of breakdown of the dielectric layer.

FIG. 4 shows the voltages which have to be applied to obtain theelectric breakdown of the dielectric layer in a memory cell.

FIG. 5 compares the low resistive states obtained after the applicationof the breakdown procedure with the high resistive states initiallyobtained at the end of the production cycle and their evolution afterapplication of a thermal stress.

FIG. 6 illustrates the steps of the method for pre-programming a matrixof memory cell according to the invention.

The drawings appended herein are given as examples and are not limitingto the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

It should be noted that, within the scope of the present invention, thewords “on”, “lies above” or “under” or the equivalent thereof do notnecessarily mean “in contact with”. Thus, for instance, depositing afirst layer on a second layer does not necessarily mean that both layersare directly in contact with each other, but this means that the firstlayer at least partially covers the second layer by being eitherdirectly in contact therewith or by being separated therefrom by anotherlayer or another element.

Within the scope of the present invention, pre-programming meansprogramming some memory cells, which is carried out prior to mountingthe matrix onto a support, typically during an operation using atemperature higher than or equal to 200° C.

Advantageous embodiments are now disclosed prior to disclosing adetailed description of an exemplary embodiment of the invention. Theseembodiments may be taken separately or in combination.

-   -   According to one embodiment, the current flowing through the two        conducting electrodes goes through the dielectric material.        Preferably, the whole current flowing from one conducting        electrode to the other one necessarily goes through the        dielectric material.    -   The step of pre-programming comprises applying a breakdown        voltage to a selection of memory cells so that, for each one of        the selected cells, the layer of dielectric material breaks down        to bring the cell from the original resistive state (original        HRS) to a second resistive state (breakdown LRS) so that the        resistance (mounting LRS), as measured after the step of        mounting, of each cell which was, prior to mounting, in said        second resistive state (breakdown LRS) is at least five times        and even more preferably ten times higher than the resistance        (mounting HRS) measured after the step of mounting, of each cell        which was, prior to mounting in said original resistive state        (original HRS).    -   Upon completion of the step of pre-programming, the cells which        do not belong to the selection of cells are advantageously left        in the original resistive state.    -   Typically, the step of mounting comprises a step of brazing or        welding the component onto the support.    -   In an alternative solution, the step of mounting comprises a        method of the WLCSP type (the acronym for Wafer Level Chip Scale        Packages), which is translated in French by “procéde dé        réalisation d'un boitier à la taille d'une puce au niveau du        substrat”.    -   According to a preferred embodiment, the step of mounting        comprises a step during which the memory cells are exposed to a        temperature of at least 240° C. for at least 10 seconds.        Preferably, the step of mounting comprises the application of a        temperature higher than or equal to 260 degrees Celsius for at        least 10 seconds.    -   Preferably, the step of mounting, typically WLCSP, comprises a        step during which the memory cells are exposed to a temperature        above 300° C. for several minutes. Preferably, the step of        mounting comprises the application of a temperature higher than        or equal to 300° C. for at least 30 seconds. Preferably the step        of mounting comprises applying a temperature ranging from        320° C. to 375° C. for a duration from 40 to 80 minutes.    -   Preferably, the step of mounting the component containing said        matrix on the support comprises mounting the component onto a        printed card, an electronic card, or with another electronic        component or on a box. Typically, the step of mounting consists        in welding or brazing a component comprising the matrix of        memory cells onto a mother board.    -   According to an advantageous embodiment, during the step of        applying a breakdown voltage to at least a plurality of memory        cells so that all the layers of the dielectric material of all        the memory cells in the matrix break down, the breakdown voltage        is applied to the cells in the mounting HRS state.        Advantageously, this makes it possible to apply the breakdown        voltage to the cells which require it only, with the other cells        being already in the mounting LRS state upon completion of the        pre-programming state. The method velocity is thus increased and        the power consumption is reduced. Besides, the step of previous        reading makes it possible to identify the cells the layer of        dielectric material of which has already broken down and those        for which this has not happened yet.

Preferably, applying a breakdown voltage to a selection of memory cellscomprises, for each of the selected cells, applying a voltage ramp,preferably ranging from a null or minimum voltage and 10 volts andpreferably between a null or minimum voltage and 5 volts for preferablyless than 500 milliseconds, and preferably less than 100 milliseconds.

In an alternative solution, applying a breakdown voltage to a selectionof memory cells comprises, for each selected cell, applying a successionof voltage pulses. Preferably, the amplitude of pulses is increasing.Preferably, the duration of the pulses is less than 1 millisecond andpreferably less than 500 microseconds.

In an alternative solution, applying a breakdown voltage to selectedmemory cells comprises, for each one of the selected cells, applying aconstant voltage.

The invention applies to all the memory cells for which the distributionof the resistances in the mounting HRS state does not overlap thedistribution of the resistances in the mounting LRS state. A discrepancybetween the resistances must then exist between the distributions.Preferably, such discrepancy in the resistance is at least a factor 10.

-   -   Advantageously, the resistances of the memory cells in the        matrix in the original resistive cell (original HRS) are        included in a first range of values, the resistances of the        memory cells in the second resistive state (breakdown LRS) are        included in a second range of values and the first and second        ranges are separated prior to the step of mounting.    -   Advantageously, the resistances of the memory cells in the        matrix in said third resistive cell (mounting HRS) are included        in a first range of values, the resistances of the memory cells        in the matrix in the fourth resistive state (mounting LRS) are        included in a second range of values and the first and second        ranges are separated prior to the step of mounting.    -   Preferably the first and second ranges show a discrepancy of at        least an order of magnitude, (×10) and preferably two orders of        magnitude (×100). Preferably, the resistance of the memory cell        in the original resistive state is at least ten times higher,        and preferably one hundred times higher than the resistance of        the memory cell in the second resistive state. Such interval is        checked after the step of mounting, i.e. after applying a high        temperature.    -   According to a preferred embodiment, reading the resistive state        of all the memory cells in the matrix comprises: applying a        reading voltage ranging from 50 mV to 0.7V to each memory cell;        measuring the intensity of the current flowing through the        memory cell so as to deduce therefrom whether the resistance of        this memory cell is in the original resistive state (original        HRS) or in the second resistive state (breakdown LRS).    -   According to a preferred embodiment, the dielectric layer is in        contact with the layer of phase-change material and optionally        an electrode.    -   According to one embodiment, the layer of phase-change material        has a tubular portion and the contact surface between the layer        of phase-change material and the dielectric material is a ring.        Preferably, the bottom of the tube at the end thereof which is        opposed to the end of the tube in contact with the layer of        dielectric material is solid. In an alternative solution, the        layer of phase-change material is formed as a solid cylinder,        such as a column, the diameter of which is smaller than the        surface of the face of the dielectric material in contact with        the cylinder.    -   According to a preferred embodiment, the layer of phase-change        material is positioned in contact with the layer of phase-change        material and a conducting element. According to one embodiment,        the conducting element has a tubular portion and wherein the        contact surface between the conducting element and the        dielectric material is a ring.    -   According to one preferred embodiment, the layer of phase-change        material is positioned in contact with a first conducting        element and a second conducting element and is inserted between        the first conducting element and the second conducting element.    -   According to a preferred embodiment, the cell comprises at least        two layers of phase-change material and the dielectric layer is        inserted between the two layers of phase-change material.    -   According to a preferred embodiment, the cell comprises a        plurality of layers forming the dielectric layer.    -   According to one embodiment, the conducting element is so        configured as to lead current and voltage to the layer of        dielectric material. Under the effect of the additional current        and voltage, the layer of dielectric material breaks down, which        modifies the resistive state of the cell. Such conducting        element preferably confines the area whereto current and voltage        are applied. Preferably, it has an outer diameter smaller than        that of the dielectric layer. It thus forms an element confining        the area activated by the application of current and voltage.    -   According to one embodiment, the conducting element is so        configured to heat when current flows therethrough. The heat        produced may then be transmitted to the phase-change material to        change the phase of the latter.    -   According to one embodiment, the conducting element is so        configured as to lead current to the phase-change material.        Under the effect of the addition of current, the phase-change        material heats and changes phase, which modifies the resistive        state of the cell.    -   Preferably, the application of a current flowing through the        electrodes and the phase-change material makes it possible to        modify the phase of the phase-change material, and thus to        modify the resistance of the memory cell when the latter        operates as a conventional phase-change memory.    -   According to a preferred embodiment, the layer of dielectric        material has a resistance higher than or equal to à 1^(e)7 ohms        and preferably higher than or equal to 1^(e)6 ohms prior to        applying the breakdown voltage.    -   Preferably, the layer of dielectric material has a resistance        lower than or equal to à 1^(e)6 ohms and preferably lower than        or equal to 1^(e)4 ohms after applying the breakdown voltage.    -   Advantageously, the layer of dielectric material is so selected        as to be made conducting by applying a voltage ramp or a        succession of voltage pulses or a continuous voltage at ambient        temperature. Preferably, the maximum voltage applied during the        voltage ramp or the succession of voltage pulses or during the        continuous voltage is preferably lower than the maximum voltage        which can be provided by the aimed application, i.e. typically        5V for the mobile applications.    -   According to one preferred embodiment, the layer of dielectric        material has a thickness of less than 25 nm and preferably        ranging from 2 nm to 10 nm. More generally the material used,        the thickness thereof, the area of the conducting element in        contact with the dielectric material, the structure of the cell,        are so selected that in the original state, the dielectric        material does not leak much (thus a high original HRS        resistance) but can breakdown with a relatively low voltage        (<5V) so that breakdown does not damage/destroy the memory cell,        breakdown is stable over time and the obtained LRS state has a        resistance sufficiently different from that of the HRS state.    -   Advantageously, the layer of dielectric material is made of a        material having a high resistance in the original state, and may        be broken down. Non restrictive examples of such materials are        oxides, oxinitrides, based on silicon, hafnium, zirconium,        titanium, nitrogen, oxygen or the compounds thereof. Examples of        such materials are hafnium oxide (HfO2), titanium oxide (TiO2),        zirconium oxide (ZrO2), silicon oxide (SiO2).    -   Advantageously, the phase-change material typically used is a        chalcogenide and in particular an alloy comprising one or more        of the following elements: germanium (Ge), antimony (Sb),        tellurium (Te), indium (In), gallium (Ga). Besides, this alloy        may be doped using one or more of the above elements as well as        elements such as carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, hafnium and        components thereof. A phase-change material which may be used is        the alloy of germanium, antimony and tellurium as Ge₂Sb₂Te₅,        known by the acronym GST.

FIGS. 1a to 1d illustrate structures of memory cell of the PCM typetypical of the prior art. It should be noted here that many structuresof such memory cells exist. FIG. 1a told are only examples of resistivememory cells which the invention may apply to. Such examples are not atall restrictive, and all the known structures of PCM memory cells areliable to take advantage of the invention.

Generally, whatever the structure, the phase-change material is alwayspositioned between two conducting elements which may be of variousshapes and made of various materials, including, in particular, thematerials currently used in micro-electronics for interconnections, i;e.aluminium (Al), copper (Cu), silicon (Si), tantalum (Ta), titanium (Ti),nitrogen (N), carbon (C) as well as the alloys obtained from thesematerials. Such conducting elements intended for the interconnectionsbetween the memory cells or between these and the other components of anelectronic device comprise a first electrode or upper electrode 10 and asecond electrode or lower electrode 60.

Depending on the structures, the phase-change material is in the form ofa layer 20 which may have a constant thickness like the structures ofFIGS. 1a, 1b and 1c or fill cavities or trenches 22 which have beenprovided in the thickness of the cell like in the example in FIG. 1d .The layer of phase-change material may cover the whole of the cellsurface such as in FIGS. 1a and 1b or only a part thereof as shown inthe example in FIG. 1 c.

Optionally, a third conducting element 40 exists, which is thengenerally used as a means for heating the phase-change layer 20 in orderto make it locally transit between such different phases: crystalline,not crystalline and/or amorphous. Such conducting element is then madeof a heat-resistant conducting element. It is typically made of tungsten(W).

The heating means may be in various forms. It may have the shape of asolid column, having a typical circular cross-section, as in FIG. 1a orthe shape of a partially hollow ring, as in FIG. 1 b.

The cell of FIG. 1c is an exemplary so-called confined structure whichincludes no third conducting element and wherein the layer ofphase-change material is self-heating.

Eventually, whatever the structure, it is most often completed with adielectric material 50 which is more particularly used for insulatingthe third conducting element and/or the phase-change material if thelatter does not cover the whole of the cell surface, like the example inFIG. 1c . Depending on the embodiments, such material is typicallysilicon oxide (SiO2) or silicon nitride (SiN).

FIGS. 2a to 2f illustrate structures of memory cell of the PCM typeaccording to the invention comprising a thin additional dielectric layer30.

It should be noted that, functionally, whatever the structure, thedielectric layer 30 is so positioned that, in the memory cell, it is inseries with the conducting electrodes 10 and 60, with the layer ofphase-change material 20 as well as with the third conducting element 40if any. FIGS. 2a to 2f only illustrate particular exemplary positioningof a dielectric layer according to the invention. As shown in theexample of FIG. 2e , it should be noted that the layer needs not be indirect contact with the phase-change material. The only constraint isthat the dielectric layer must be connected in series with theelectrodes and the phase-change material and must initially prevent theflow of current. Thus, the current flowing from one electrode to theother electrode must necessarily go through this dielectric material 30.

For this purpose, the dielectric layer 30 is initially high resistive.The initial electric resistance of a memory cell is typically above 10⁷ohms and preferably above 10¹⁰ ohms. In the present application for apatent, this state is also called the original resistive state or “high”state. It is also designated by the acronym original HRS (for originalhigh resistive state).

This resistive state of the memory cell is obtained at the end of theproduction of the memory cell and prior to the application of a voltageto the memory cell aiming at modifying the resistance thereof.

Such original or “high” state is obtained after forming the dielectriclayer and the electrodes. Advantageously, this original state isobtained upon completion of the ultimate phases of the manufacturingprocess, which mainly consist in interconnecting the elementarycomponents, typically the memory cells, together, and to the outside ofthe device which contain same, using metal pads and connections,generally defined by photolithography. Such ultimate phases aregenerally called BEOL, the acronym for “Back-End of Line”, i.e. stepsexecuted at the “end of the production line”. Generally, during suchBEOL steps, the memory cells must resist temperatures which may reach400° C., typically, for a few minutes, and even a few dozens of minutes.Advantageously, the step of programming the matrix in order toelectrically bring a set of selected cells from the original highresistive state to a less resistive state (LRS) is executed after BEOL.Advantageously too, during the step of mounting, a thermal stresssmaller than the one applied during the BEOL steps, typicallytemperatures lower than those applied during the BEOL, is/are applied tothe memory cells.

The dielectric layer is typically made of hafnium oxide (HfO2), titaniumoxide (TiO2) or zirconium oxide (ZrO2). The layer 30 may be addedwhatever the structure of the memory cell considered. For the exemplarystructures of the prior art shown in FIGS. 1a to 1d , the dielectriclayer is added, for instance, as respectively shown in FIGS. 2a to 2d .As already mentioned above, the dielectric layer 30 is not necessarilyin contact with the phase-change material 20 and may for instancedivide, for instance in two, the third conducting element 40, as shownin FIG. 2 e.

More precisely, in the exemplary structure of memory cell illustrated inFIG. 2a , the layer of dielectric material 30 is positioned between thelayer of phase-change material 20 and a conducting element 40.Preferably, the various elements successively laid on an electrode 60are: a conducting element 40, the layer of dielectric material 20, thelayer of phase-change material 30, and another electrode 10. Accordingto a particular embodiment, such layers are in contact two by two, i.e.no intermediate layer is present. In this example, the conductingelement 40 has the shape of a solid cylinder or a tube. Preferably, theconducting element 40 is coated with dielectric material 50.

The main advantage of this embodiment is that it is particularly simpleto obtain. Besides, it makes it possible to reduce the contact surfacebetween the conducting element 40 and the layer of the dielectricmaterial 30. As a matter of fact, this contact surface is smaller thanthe surface of the face of the layer of dielectric material 30 which isin contact with the conducting element 40. The active area, i.e. thearea which is submitted to the application of a current and a voltage isthen restricted.

The exemplary structure of memory cell illustrated in FIG. 2b isdifferent from that in FIG. 2a in that the conducting element 40 has theshape of a ring or of a tube. This embodiment has the advantage orreducing even more the contact surface between the conducting element 40and the layer of the dielectric material 30. This surface is a ring andnot a disk, like the structure in FIG. 2a . Preferably the phase-changematerial 40 is buried in a layer of dielectric 50. Besides, thisembodiment has the advantage of enabling the creation of a contact area42 having a sub-lithographic size. As a matter of fact, the size of thecontact area 42 between the conducting element 40 and the layer ofdielectric material 30 directly depends on the thickness of theconducting element 40. Now, the latter is checked during the step ofcompliant deposition of the phase-change material 40 and thus does notrequire using steps of lithography and etching to check the size of thecontact area 42. Thus, by omitting such steps of lithography andetching, it is possible to obtain a contact area having asub-lithographic size. Thus, by omitting such steps of lithography andetching, this embodiment has the advantage of reducing the complexity ofthe process of production of the memory cell.

In the exemplary structure of memory cell illustrated in FIG. 2c , thelayer of dielectric material 30 is positioned between the layer ofphase-change material 20 and an electrode 10. Preferably, the variouselements successively laid on an electrode 60 are: the layer ofphase-change material 20, the layer of dielectric material 30 andanother electrode 10. According to a particular embodiment, such layersare in contact two by two, i.e. no intermediate layer is present. Inthis example, the cell has no other conducting element 40 than theelectrodes 10, 60. In this example, the layer of phase-change material20 has the shape of a solid cylinder or of a column. Preferably, it iscoated with dielectric material 50. The main advantage of thisembodiment is that it is particularly simple to obtain. As a matter offact, it does not require to manufacture a conducting element 40, whichthus reduces the complexity of the manufacturing process for the memorycell. In addition, this embodiment has the advantage of making thememory cell asymmetric. As a matter of fact, the presence of the layerof dielectric material 30 makes the structure of the memory cell veryunbalanced, thus enabling a better control of the subsequent operationthereof. Besides, the interest of this embodiment is that it confinesthe region which the current flows through. The active volume of thephase-change material is thus reduced. This active region depends on thecontact surface between the phase-change material 20 and the electrode.The column-shape of the layer of phase-change material 20 thus makes itpossible to reduce the contact surface, thus reducing the currentrequired for operating the memory cell.

Such structure is preferably obtained by making a cavity or athrough-hole in the dielectric layer 50 and then in depositing thephase-change material 20 inside the hole.

In the exemplary structure of memory cell illustrated in FIG. 2d , thedielectric layer 30 is positioned between the layer of phase-changematerial 20 and a conducting element 40, like FIG. 2a . Reversely, thelayer of the phase-change material 20 follows the relief of thedielectric material 50 coating the conducting element 40. The layer ofdielectric material 30 also follows the shape of the relief. In thisembodiment again, the contact area between the conducting element 40 andthe dielectric layer 30 is reduced, it may for instance be smaller thanthe surface of a pad formed by the conducting element 40.

The exemplary structures of memory cell illustrated in FIGS. 2a, 2b, 2cand 2d has the advantage of reducing the current required for thesubsequent operation of the memory cell when the latter is written usingthe conventional mode of operation of the phase-change memories. As amatter of fact, during the step of breakdown of the layer of dielectricmaterial 30, a conducting path is created through the layer ofdielectric material 30. The contact area between this conducting pathand the layer of phase-change material 20 is smaller than or equal tothe contact area between the conducting element 40 and the layer ofdielectric material 30. Now the current required to operate thephase-change memory cells is directly linked to the contact area of thesmallest conducting area in contact with the layer of phase-changematerial 20. Thus, by creating a conducting path through the layer ofdielectric material 30, the contact area of which is smaller than thecontact area of the conducting element 40, the current required forsubsequently operating the written memory cell using the conventionaloperation mode of the phase-change memories is reduced.

The structure of the memory cell illustrated in FIG. 2e shows twoconducting elements 40, 40 positioned on either side of the layer ofdielectric material 30. Preferably, the various elements successivelylaid on an electrode 60 are: a first conducting element 40, the layer ofdielectric material 30, a second conducting element 40, the layer ofphase-change material 20, and another electrode 10. According to aparticular embodiment, such layers are in contact two by two, i.e. nointermediate layer is present. In this example, the conducting elements40 each have the shape of a solid cylinder or a tube. Preferably, theyare buried in a dielectric material 50. This embodiment has theadvantage of separating the dielectric layer 30 and the layer ofphase-change material 20, which enables to use non compatible materialsfor both layers.

In the exemplary structure of memory cell illustrated in FIG. 2f , thevarious elements successively laid on an electrode 60 are: the layer ofphase-change material 20, a section of which is tubular, the layer ofdielectric material 30 and another electrode 10. According to aparticular embodiment, such layers are in contact two by two, i.e. nointermediate layer is present. In this example, the cell has no otherconducting element 40 than the electrodes 10, 60. The layer ofphase-change material 20 has the shape of a tube, one end of which isclosed. Preferably, it is coated with dielectric material 50.

The exemplary structure of memory cell illustrated in FIG. 2f is thusdifferent from that in FIG. 2e in that the phase-change material 20 hasthe shape of a ring or of a tube. This embodiment has the advantage ofreducing even more the volume of the active region of the phase-changematerial 20. This volume is a tube and not a cylinder, like thestructure in FIG. 2e . Preferably the phase-change material 20 in theshape of a tube is buried in a layer of dielectric 50. Besides, thisembodiment has the advantage of enabling the creation of a contact area42 having a sub-lithographic size. As a matter of fact, the size of thecontact area 42 between the phase-change material 20 and the layer ofdielectric material 30 directly depends on the thickness of thephase-change material 20. Now, the latter is checked during the step ofcompliant deposition of the phase-change material 20 and thus does notrequire using steps of lithography and etching to check the size of thecontact area 42. Thus, by omitting such steps of lithography andetching, it is possible to obtain a contact area having asub-lithographic size. Thus, by omitting such steps of lithography andetching, this embodiment has the advantage of reducing the complexity ofthe process of production of the memory cell.

The latter advantageously comprises at least the following steps:

-   -   Drilling a hole in the dielectric layer 50;    -   Compliant deposition of a layer of phase-change material 20 onto        the dielectric layer; A layer of phase-change materials is thus        formed and covers the walls and the bottom of the hole;    -   Filling the hole with dielectric material; such filling thus        covers the phase-change material positioned on the walls and the        bottom of the hole;    -   Removal of the phase-change material outside the cavity,        preferably by chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP).

In an alternative solution, the phase-change material may be depositedin a blind cavity in the dielectric layer, and then the phase-changematerial may be made accessible for being in contact with the electrode60.

Preferably, in each one of these embodiments, the conducting element 40has an external diameter smaller than those of the layer of phase-changematerial 20 and the dielectric layer 30.

The dielectric layer 30 is typically deposited, in the case of thehafnium oxide (HfO2), at a temperature of 350° C. using a so-called ALDmethod, the acronym for

atomic layer deposition

, a method wherein the surface whereon the deposition is made, issuccessively exposed to various chemical precursors in order to obtainvery thin (atomic) layers. The operation is repeated as many times asnecessary to obtain the desired thickness 32, from 2 to 8 nanometres(nm) in the example used to illustrate the invention. Other methods forproducing the dielectric layer 30 can be used and may comprise all theones currently implemented by the micro-electronics industry fordepositing layers of various materials: spraying, co-spraying, CVD, i.e.chemical vapour deposition and oxidation so long as they confer to thedielectric layer 30 the electrical and physical properties suitable forthe application considered.

The invention provides that, upon completion of an electrical proceduredisclosed in FIGS. 3a and 3b , and applied to some of the cells of amatrix of memory cells, the dielectric layer 30 is made conducting insame cells. This procedure makes it possible to customize the matrix ofmemory cells by placing some of these in a fourth resistive state andleaving the other ones in the high resistive state, i.e. the originalHRS state.

The fourth resistive state obtained by modifying the dielectric layer byapplying a voltage to the memory cell is called the

low

state or second resistive state, with the first resistive state beingthe original resistive state. It is also designated by the acronymbreakdown LRS (for low resistive state obtained by breakdown).

The information binary-coded by the cell in the breakdown LRS state, a“low” resistive state shall be “1” if the information coded by the cellin a “high” resistive state, (original HRS) is “0”. On the contrary, theinformation binary-coded by the cell in the breakdown “low” state shallbe “0” if the information coded by the cell in the “high” state is “1”.

The low and high resistive states of a memory cell according to theinvention are more particularly characterized in FIG. 5.

FIGS. 3a and 3b illustrate examples of electric procedures forpositioning a memory cell in a

low

state.

A solution 310 consists in applying to the dielectric layer 30 anincreasing potential difference in the form of a voltage ramp from anull or minimum value to a maximum value (Vmax) depending, as above, onthe dielectric material used, the thickness 32 thereof and on the areaof the conducting element in contact with the dielectric material. Themaximum voltage applied aims at obtaining a

breakdown

, of the dielectric layer.

In an alternative solution, the electrical procedure for placing a cellin a “low” state consists in applying to the dielectric layer 30 anincreasing potential difference in the form of a succession of voltagepulses 320 from a null or minimum value to a maximum value (Vmax)depending, as above, on the dielectric material used, the thickness 32thereof and on the area of the conducting element in contact with thedielectric material.

A continuous voltage sufficient to cause the breakdown of the dielectriclayer may also be directly applied, for a given time, as shown indiagram 330.

In all cases, as illustrated in FIG. 3b , circuits inside or outside thedevice, and intended to provide this function must be able to deliver asufficient voltage and/or current, from a suitable source 340. Besides,in order not to damage the memory cells 360 containing a dielectriclayer which must be broken down, the pre-programming circuits willadvantageously comprise a current limiting circuit 350.

A memory cell matrix according to the invention can thus be customizedprior to the steps of reflow soldering described in the state of the artsection, without the “low” and “high” states thereof being significantlyaffected by the thermal stress of mounting, typically by brazing orreflow soldering (260° C.) as can be seen in FIG. 5.

Prior to the step of mounting and upon completion of same step, thedistribution of the resistances of the memory cells in the

low

states does not overlap the distribution of the resistances in the

high

states.

Consequently, upon completion of the steps of brazing or welding, thedata contained in a customized memory cell matrix can thus be retrieved.Advantageously, such data is stored in a temporary memory of a computersystem directly controlling the memory cells matrix or the embeddedsystem containing same.

The breakdown procedure for the dielectric layer is then applied to allor part of the cells in the matrix.

Upon completion of this step, the memory cell matrix is no longercustomized, all or part of the cells are in the “low” state. They canthus be used as standard PCM memory cells since the dielectric layer hasbeen broken down in all the cells. More particularly, the data specificto the customization and stored in the above temporary memory can berewritten into the memory cells of the matrix using the conventionalwriting mode of such phase-change memories, wherein the materialelectrically changes from an amorphous phase to at least one crystallinephase and reversely.

The experiments shown in the following Figures reveal that thephase-change memory cells were not affected by the presence of thedielectric layer and returned to their conventional operation afterbreakdown of the latter.

FIG. 4 shows the variation in the breakdown voltage for a device asshown in FIG. 2a where the dielectric layer is made of hafnium oxide(HfO2).

The diagram 200 shows the dependence of the breakdown voltage 210 withrespect to the surface 220 of the contact area between the dielectriclayer 30 and the conducting element 40 for various thicknesses of HfO2ranging from 3 to 8 nm. The diameters 42 referred to in the non limitingexamples of structure in FIGS. 2a to 2e give the diameters of thecontact areas between the dielectric layer 30 and the element (electrode10 or conducting element 40) in contact with the dielectric layer 30. Itcan be seen then that, when the contact area is small, and moreparticularly when it is less than 0.5 μm² (μm or micrometre, i.e. 10⁻⁶metre), the breakdown voltage of the same layer thickness significantlyincreases. The highest breakdown voltages 230 are of course obtainedwith the thickest oxide layer, i.e. 8 nm in this example. Theysignificantly decrease when the thickness is reduced to 5 nm 240 and to3 nm 250. The dotted lines show the dispersion of the measures about theaverage.

It should be note here that, to remain in a range of currently availablevoltages, to supply the devices of the micro-electronic type, i.e. 5volts, a compromise must be found between the dielectric material used,the thickness thereof and the surface in contact with the lowerelectrode. As shown in diagram 200, the thickness of the dielectriclayer, for contact surfaces of less than 0.5 μm², thus cannot besubstantially greater than 8 nm.

FIG. 5 compares the low resistive states (

low

or breakdown LRS states) obtained after applying the breakdown procedureto the high resistive states (

high

or original HRS states) initially obtained at the end of the productioncycle. The diagram 400 also shows the evolution of such resistive statesafter application of a thermal stress (260° C.) which can be compared tothe one which the programmed devices have been exposed to during thesteps of reflow soldering.

To explain this in greater details, the state of a cell prior to andafter mounting can thus be differently qualified.

The resistive state, after mounting of a memory cell which was, prior tomounting in the original resistive state 430 is called the thirdresistive state 440. Such state is a high resistive state. It is alsocalled “mounting HRS” for High Resistive State”, after mounting.

Besides, the resistive state, after mounting of a memory cell which was,prior to mounting in the second resistive state 410 (breakdown LRS) iscalled the fourth resistive state 420. Such fourth resistive state 420is a low resistive state. It is also called “mounting LRS” for LowResistive State”, after mounting.

It should be noted that the distributions of the high resistive statesprior to 430 (original HRS) and after 440 (mounting HRS) applying thethermal stress are almost similar. The resistances of the cells in theoriginal resistive state (original HRS) and in the third resistive cell(mounting HRS) are thus identical or almost identical. The low resistivestates are more sensitive to such stress. A shifting to higherresistance values can be noted after the application of the thermalstress, of the distribution of the low resistive states 420 with respectto what it was beforehand 410. Thus the resistance 410 of the cells inthe second resistive state (breakdown LRS) are not as high as in thefourth resistive state (mounting LRS) 420. It should however be notedthat a very big difference in the resistance 450 remains between thethird resistive states (mounting HRS) and the low resistive states(mounting LRS). In this example, this difference between the resistancedistributions amounts to approximately 6 orders of magnitude (×10⁶).This is more than enough to design a reading circuit which canunambiguously discriminate the “low” states and the “high” states andretrieve the pre-programmed content of the matrix of memory cells afterthe reflow soldering operations. In practice, an order of magnitude(×10) makes it possible to use a simple reading circuit. A factor twobetween the maximum resistance of the distribution of the LRS state andthe minimum resistance of the distribution of the HRS state may revealsufficient, but a factor 5 or 10 is preferred to enable the use of areading circuit which remains simple enough and not expensive toimplement.

The above results have been obtained with a device corresponding to thestructure of FIG. 2a having a circular contact surface with a diameterof 300 nm and with a dielectric layer having a thickness of 3 nm.

FIG. 6 summarizes the steps of an example of a method forpre-programming a matrix of memory cells of the PCM type according tothe invention. The method makes it possible to retrieve, after thethermal stress of the step of mounting, typically by brazing or reflowsoldering, the information programmed prior to such step.

Step 610 describes the customization of a matrix of PCM memory cellsaccording to the invention, i.e. memory cells comprising a dielectriclayer 30 as illustrated in FIG. 2. Programming such a matrix consists inmaking less resistant a subset of cells in the matrix by causing thebreakdown, in each cell of the subset, of the thin dielectric layer byapplying a dedicated electrical procedure as disclosed above in FIGS. 3aand 3b . Each cell is thus able to store a bit of information as twolevels of electrical resistance: one having a weaker resistance (“low”or breakdown LRS state) obtained after the breakdown of the dielectriclayer; the other one having a higher resistance (“high” or original HRSstate) corresponding to the initial state of the cell at the end of theproduction cycle. Only the low resistive states are programmed duringstep 610.

The following step 630 is executed after the device containing thepre-programmed matrix has been exposed to the thermal stress of themounting. Such thermal stress comprises for example a step during whichthe memory cells are exposed to a temperature of at least 240° C. oreven at least 260° C. for several seconds, and often at least 10seconds.

After this steps which generally consists in welding or brazing thematrix or a component comprising the matrix onto a support such as aprinted card, the contents of the pre-programmed matrix is read. Thereading circuit used for this purpose is so designed as to differentiatethe low resistance states (mounting LRS), obtained after breakdown ofthe dielectric layer, from those having a high resistance (mounting HRS)corresponding to the memory cells which have been left in their initialstate. The reading circuit takes into account the drift of theresistance values which can be noted after the application of thethermal stress. Such drift more particularly affects the low resistivestates, as seen in FIG. 5. The cells which had initially been programmedby the breakdown and those which had not been programmed can then beidentified.

Preferably, the method comprises additional and optional steps. The stepof reading 620 of the content of the pre-programmed matrix goes with thestorage 630 of the information read in an auxiliary memory. Typically,the information read is temporarily stored by the device control meanswhich comprises the pre-programmed memory matrix after mounting thereof,for instance, in an embedded system.

During the next step 640, all or part of the cells of the pre-programmedcells are broken down so that the memory cells can then be used asstandard PCM memory cells. Optionally, such step may be thoroughlyexecuted on all the cells in the matrix or, as the content of thepre-programming is available at this stage, it may execute suchoperation on the subset of cells which were not already broken downduring the pre-programming or on a subset of cells which were notalready broken down during the pre-programming only. Upon completion ofthis operation, whatever the option used, the cells the dielectric layerof which is broken down, may be used as standard PCM cells.

These cells of the PCM memory matrix can then be normally used 650, andin particular the pre-programmed binary values can be restored from theauxiliary memory, by controlling, this time electrically, the phase andthus the resistance of the layer of phase-change material 20 of the PCMmemory cell.

Among the advantages provided by the invention, it should moreparticularly be noted that a dielectric layer may be added whatever thephase-change material and the structure of the cell selected to meet thespecifications of a particular application of a memory cell matrix. Thislayer may always be added, since it enables the PCM cells to hold thepre-programmed information in spite of the thermal stress of the stepsof reflow soldering.

The additional layer is simply integrated in the structure of aconventional PCM memory cell by depositing dielectric material, forinstance, by an ALD type deposition, or by using one of the standardmethod implemented by the micro-electronics industry.

The pre-programming method is compatible with a procedure carried out atthe end of the production line, at the wafer level, i.e. prior tocutting electronic chips wherein the memory matrix is integrated.

To make sure a memory cell can be used within the scope of the presentinvention, the following points must be checked:

-   -   the dielectric used (i.e. material, thickness, contact area)        must preferably have been made conducting by applying a voltage        ramp or a succession of voltage pulses at ambient temperature or        by applying a sufficient continuous voltage.    -   the maximum voltage applied during the voltage ramp or the        succession of voltage pulses or the value of the continuous        voltage must preferably be lower than the maximum voltage which        can be provided by the aimed application (5V for the mobile        applications).    -   the ratio between the resistances in the “high” and “low” states        must preferably be significant enough to be easily detected by        the reading system of the aimed application (typically a ratio        above an order of magnitude is desired).    -   after the welding step, the distributions of the resistances of        the “high” and “low” states must preferably not overlap.    -   the dielectric material must not affect the subsequent PCRAM        operation of the cell. For instance, no interdiffusion must        occur between the dielectric layer and the phase-change material        used, for instance the GST, which might result in a material no        longer having phase-change properties or the properties of which        would be degraded with respect to those of an initially selected        phase-change material, more particularly as regards the        performances such as the retention of information, the        programming currents, the endurance.    -   the dielectric material selected must preferably be compatible        with the manufacturing process. For example, the dielectric        material must not be incompatible with the micro-electronics        equipment, as regards contamination.

To check the above points, an approach consists in testing thefeasibility of the considered solution:

-   -   by integrating the selected dielectric material in the GST        within a MIM (metal-insulator-metal) capacitor to test the        possibility of making the dielectric material conducting and to        characterize the specific electrical procedure.    -   by integrating the selected dielectric material in the chosen        phase-change material within an actual memory cell to test the        subsequent operation of the PCRAM cell.

The above description more particularly discloses embodiments whereinthe step of mounting is executed by welding or brazing. The inventionalso extends to embodiments wherein the mounting of the componentcontaining the matrix of memory cells on a support is executed using theso-called WLCSP (Wafer Level Chip Scale Packages) technique.

Such mounting technique has been developed by the micro-electronicsindustry to enable the mounting of the components belonging to anembedded system one or more printed circuits. This technique relies onthe deposition, onto the component to be mounted, of a layer ofphotodefinable polymeric material, for instance a polyimide material,i.e. a polymeric material containing one or more imide groups in itsmain chain, or polybenzobisoxazole, also called PBO. As these materialsare photodefinable, the layer thus deposited can be etched by beingexposed to a suitable light stimulus followed by a a development. Ametal ball may then be placed in the cavity which has just beenobtained. This ball is responsible for the mechanical and electricalcontacts between the component to be mounted and the correspondingprinted circuit(s).

In some cases, the deposit of a metal layer, for example of copper,called a ReDistribution Layer or RDL, which is etched, is substitutedfor the metal ball deposit. Such RDL layer is then encapsulated using aphotodefinable polymeric material which is, in turn, etched by beingexposed to a suitable light stimulus and development. This ball which isresponsible for the mechanical and electrical contacts between thecomponent to be mounted and the corresponding printed circuit(s) is thenplaced in the cavity which has just been obtained.

In some cases, the deposition of the metal ball is preceded by obtaininga so-called UBM (for Under Bump metallurgy) metal layer, made of Copperor Nickel-based (refer to the Figures hereunder).

The layer(s) of the polymeric material must often be obtained using amethod including steps of high temperature annealing. An example of themain steps required for obtaining a layer of polymeric material whichmay be used in the mounting techniques described above is provided inthe following:

-   -   Preparation of the substrate: T° 80° C.—200° C.—Duration: 60-240        seconds (s)    -   Soft bake: T° 120° C.—Duration: 180s    -   Nitrogen curing (HD2280):        -   Temperature increase: 25° C.→150° C. with a gradient of 4°            C./min        -   Temperature increase: 150° C.-320° C. with a gradient of            2.5° C./min        -   Temperature hold: 320° C. for 1 hour        -   Progressive cooling to ambient temperature    -   The above-mentioned indications relate to another example of        nitrogen curing (HD-4100):        -   Temperature increase: 25° C.→200° C. with a gradient of 10°            C./min        -   Stand-by at 200° C. for 30 min        -   Temperature increase: 200° C.→375° C. with a gradient of 10°            C./min        -   Temperature hold: 375° C. for 1 hour        -   Progressive cooling to ambient temperature

These methods thus comprise at least of step at a temperature above 240°C., often above 300° C. and most often between 320° C. and 375° C. forseveral dozens of minutes, typically 60 minutes.

The invention makes it possible to retrieve, after the step at a veryhigh temperature, the data saved prior to mounting.

The invention is not limited to the embodiments described above butapplies to all the embodiment covered by the scope of the claims.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method for pre-programming a matrix of phase-change memory cells, including a phase-change material positioned between two conducting electrodes, said phase-change material being able to be reversely electrically modified so as to vary the resistivity of the memory cell, wherein at least a dielectric layer is provided, which is positioned between the two conducting electrodes, with the memory cell having an original resistive state (original HRS) at the end of the memory cell production process, the method comprising: executing a step of pre-programming the matrix is executed prior to a step of mounting a component containing said matrix onto a support, with the step of pre-programming including applying a breakdown voltage to a selected portion of all the memory cells based on coded data to be stored in the matrix so that, for each one of the selected cells, the layer of the dielectric material breaks down to bring the cell from the original resistive state (original HRS) to a second resistive state (breakdown LRS), so that the cells which were, prior to mounting, in said original resistive state (original HRS) and in said second resistive state (breakdown LRS) are, after the step of mounting, in a third resistive state (mounting HRS) and in a fourth resistive state (mounting LRS), respectively, and in that the resistance of the cells in said third resistive state (mounting HRS) is at least twice higher than the resistance of the cells in said fourth resistive state (mounting LRS); and after mounting, reading the resistive state of all the cells in the matrix so as to identify the cells which are, after mounting, in said third resistive state (mounting HRS) and those which are in said fourth resistive state (mounting LRS).
 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein at least the following steps are executed after mounting a component containing said matrix onto a support: storing the resistive states (mounting HRS, mounting LRS) read in an auxiliary memory so as to save the pre-programming of the matrix, applying a breakdown voltage to at least a plurality of memory cells so that all the layers of dielectric material of all or part of the memory cells in the matrix break down, rewriting, into the matrix, the pre-programming saved in the auxiliary memory by modifying the phase-change material of selected memory cells.
 3. A method according to claim 1, wherein the step of mounting comprises a step of brazing or welding the component onto the support.
 4. A method according to claim 1, wherein the step of mounting comprises a step during which the memory cells are exposed to a temperature of at least 240° C. for at least 10 seconds.
 5. A method according to claim 1, wherein the step of mounting the component containing said matrix on the support comprises mounting the component onto a printed card, an electronic card, or with another electronic component or on a box.
 6. A method according to claim 1, wherein the resistance of the cells in said third resistive state (mounting HRS) is at least five times higher than the resistance of the cells in said fourth resistive state (mounting LRS).
 7. A method according to claim 1, wherein, during the step of applying a breakdown voltage to at least a plurality of memory cells so that all the layers of dielectric material of all the memory cells in the matrix break down, the breakdown voltage is applied to the cells in said third resistive state (mounting HRS) only, upon completion of the step of mounting.
 8. A method according to claim 1, wherein applying a breakdown voltage to selected memory cells comprises, for each one of the selected cells, applying one among the following voltages: a voltage ramp ranging from a null voltage to 10 volts and having a duration less than or equal to 500 milliseconds; a succession of voltage pulses having an increasing amplitude; a constant voltage.
 9. A method according to claim 1, wherein the resistances of the memory cells in the matrix in the original resistive state (original HRS) are within a first range of values, the resistances of the memory cells in the matrix in the second resistive state (breakdown LRS) are within a second range of values, wherein the first and second ranges are separated, wherein the first and second ranges show a discrepancy of at least a factor 100 and wherein the resistances of the memory cells of the matrix in said third resistive state (mounting HRS) are within a first range of values, the resistances of the memory cells in the matrix in said fourth resistive state (mounting LRS) are within a second range of values and wherein the first and second ranges are separated.
 10. A method according to claim 9, wherein reading the resistive state of all the memory cells in the matrix comprises: applying to each memory cell a reading voltage ranging from 50 mV to 0.7V, measuring the intensity of the current flowing through the memory cell in order to deduce therefrom whether the resistance of such memory cell is in said third resistive state (mounting HRS) or in said fourth resistive state (mounting LRS).
 11. A method according to claim 1, wherein all the current flowing through the two conducting electrodes goes through the dielectric material.
 12. A method according to claim 1, wherein the step of mounting comprises a step of mounting using the so-called wafer level chip scale packaging technique (WLCSP) during which the memory cells are exposed to a temperature of at least 300° C. for at least 30 minutes.
 13. A method according to claim 1, wherein the layer of dielectric material has a resistance higher than or equal to 1^(e)7 ohms prior to and after mounting.
 14. A method according to claim 1, wherein the layer of dielectric material is so selected that it becomes conducting through the application of a voltage ramp at ambient temperature. 